Foreign investment in a least developed country: the Nepalese experience

This paper aims to contribute to the literature on the developmental role of foreign direct investment through an examination of the Nepalese experience during the period 1988-2001. Despite significant liberalisation of the foreign investment regime and the introduction of attractive investment incentives, Nepals achievements during this period, both in terms of the volume of FDI and its developmental impact, failed to mach the national expectations. Nepal obviously has intrinsic disadvantages arising from its geography and other typographical characteristics in attracting FDI. However, comparative international experience suggests that her lackluster achievements as a host to foreign investors cannot be explained in terms of these factors alone. Policies that underpin the overall investment climate also seem to matter. Mere liberalisation of the investment regime and introducing financial incentives are not a substitute for an all-encompassing effort to improve the investment climate

60 GHz MAC Standardization: Progress and Way Forward

Communication at mmWave frequencies has been the focus in the recent years. In this paper, we discuss standardization efforts in 60 GHz short range communication and the progress therein. We compare the available standards in terms of network architecture, medium access control mechanisms, physical layer techniques and several other features. Comparative analysis indicates that IEEE 802.11ad is likely to lead the short-range indoor communication at 60 GHz. We bring to the fore resolved and unresolved issues pertaining to robust WLAN connectivity at 60 GHz. Further, we discuss the role of mmWave bands in 5G communication scenarios and highlight the further efforts required in terms of research and standardization

Spatial Relation of Bumblebees (Hymenoptera-Apidae) with Host-Plant and their Conservation Issues: An Outlook from Urban Ecosystem of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Ecology and conservation status of bumblebee species remains poorly understood, especially in rapidly degrading urban ecosystems, which is important considering the role of bumblebees in the pollinations. We collected more than 200 bumblebee (Bombus spp.) specimens under six species in different parts of the Kathmandu valley (Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Bhaktapur cities) in Nepal. The species of bumblebees were analyzed with their host plant types and the land use change using remote sensing and field observation data. We found that the bumblebees exert strong variation and were significantly affected by the families of the host plants and the nature of flowers (open and closed type) rather than colors and categories (invasive and noninvasive). We underline that the rapid habitat loss by changing land use in the study area can be a potential threat to the conservation of these important pollinators, and thus, need focused habitat conservation efforts

CogCell: Cognitive Interplay between 60GHz Picocells and 2.4/5GHz Hotspots in the 5G Era

Rapid proliferation of wireless communication devices and the emergence of a variety of new applications have triggered investigations into next-generation mobile broadband systems, i.e., 5G. Legacy 2G--4G systems covering large areas were envisioned to serve both indoor and outdoor environments. However, in the 5G-era, 80\% of overall traffic is expected to be generated in indoors. Hence, the current approach of macro-cell mobile network, where there is no differentiation between indoors and outdoors, needs to be reconsidered. We envision 60\,GHz mmWave picocell architecture to support high-speed indoor and hotspot communications. We envisage the 5G indoor network as a combination of-, and interplay between, 2.4/5\,GHz having robust coverage and 60\,GHz links offering high datarate. This requires an intelligent coordination and cooperation. We propose 60\,GHz picocellular network architecture, called CogCell, leveraging the ubiquitous WiFi. We propose to use 60\,GHz for the data plane and 2.4/5GHz for the control plane. The hybrid network architecture considers an opportunistic fall-back to 2.4/5\,GHz in case of poor connectivity in the 60\,GHz domain. Further, to avoid the frequent re-beamforming in 60\,GHz directional links due to mobility, we propose a cognitive module -- a sensor-assisted intelligent beam switching procedure -- which reduces the communication overhead. We believe that the CogCell concept will help future indoor communications and possibly outdoor hotspots, where mobile stations and access points collaborate with each other to improve the user experience.Comment: 14 PAGES in IEEE Communications Magazine, Special issue on Emerging Applications, Services and Engineering for Cognitive Cellular Systems (EASE4CCS), July 201

A Comprehensive Review of Guduchi [Tinospora Cordifolia (Willd) Miers]

Guduchi [Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers Ex Hooks F. & Thoms] is an important drug of Ayurvedicsystem of medicine. It is mentioned in various classical texts for the treatment of diseases such as kamala,prameha, jwar, rasayana, kasa, swasa, tvaka roga, krimi, raktapitta, etc. At present, it is found that thisdrug has numerous chemical constituents: tinosporine, diterpene, tannin, alkaloids, carbohydrate,steroids, saponins, flavanoids tinosporine, tinosporon, tinosporidin, glucoside, sitosterol, cordifolide,heplacosanol, etc. It is a widely used plant in folk and Ayurvedic systems of medicine and is also used fordifferent pharmacological activities

On G-Derivations of Lie-Yamaguti Algebras

This paper primarily deals with the study of G-derivations associated with Lie-Yamaguti algebras. Taking G as an automorphism group, the concept of G-derivations, which is a derivation under both the bilinear and trilinear operations is defined for Lie-Yamaguti algebras. Then some important properties of G-derivations are studied along with their relationship with other generalized derivations of Lie-Yamaguti algebras.Comment: Comments are welcom